The underestimation of earthquake risks in Malta: a historical reminder
Despite the belief that Malta is an earthquake-free zone, history tells a different story. In 1693, a devastating earthquake, estimated at a magnitude of 7.4, struck approximately 170km away from Malta, causing massive destruction in south-eastern Sicily. It killed nearly two-thirds of Catania’s population, and even Malta wasn’t spared. Mdina’s cathedral had to be rebuilt, highlighting the extent of the damage. While some might consider such earthquakes rare, research indicates that similarly strong earthquakes tend to occur every few hundred years in the region. More concerning, however, is that even relatively weak earthquakes can wreak havoc if a region is unprepared. Malta’s preparedness for seismic events seems alarmingly low, with insufficient coordination among entities and buildings not designed to withstand earthquakes.
A tragic example of underestimating seismic risks can be found in the 1908 Messina earthquake. Despite not being as distant as the 1693 earthquake, the 1908 earthquake led to 70,000 deaths in Sicily, mainly because buildings were not designed to be earthquake-resistant. Heavy roofs and weak foundations led to the destruction of both Messina and Reggio Calabria. Although there may not be known records of fatalities, numerous accounts document property damage during these events. Given Malta’s inadequate building preparedness, the island remains vulnerable to similar risks. While many still consider Malta an earthquake-safe zone, this misconception could have severe consequences if a major earthquake were to strike.
Photo by Bonello Bjorn x Reġjun Tramuntana (SYNERGIES project)
Geological realities: the active fault lines around Malta
Many people believe that earthquakes are limited to regions like Sicily or Greece. However, seismic activity occurs much closer to home. The Magħlaq Fault, located south of Malta, is a prime example of vertical displacement of large rock blocks that make up the islands. Earthquakes have been recorded just 50 km away from Malta, a stark reminder that seismic events can strike closer than expected. While earthquakes originating from Greece, along the Hellenic arc (500 km away), are often felt in Malta, local fault lines also present a real danger .
Unfortunately, Malta has no national building codes specifically designed to make structures earthquake-resistant. The lack of formal regulation in the construction industry, as highlighted by the recent Jean Paul Sofia inquiry, further exacerbates the risk. The inquiry revealed numerous shortcomings, including unlicensed contractors, untrained workers, and no national oversight. Architects are solely responsible for following European Building Codes, making regulation almost self-imposed. With an increasing number of tall buildings and a largely unregulated construction sector, Malta is leaving itself exposed to potential disaster.
Photo by Bonello Bjorn x Reġjun Tramuntana (SYNERGIES project)
Preparedness in the face of danger: learning from earthquake monitoring
Thankfully, the importance of understanding Malta’s seismic risks is not being ignored. Dr Pauline Galea, who led the Seismic Monitoring and Research Unit (SMRU) at the University of Malta, has dedicated her career to researching and monitoring earthquake activity in the region. With her team, Dr Galea has helped establish permanent seismic stations (SIMIT) to better track seismic events, thus improving the accuracy of earthquake detection and providing valuable insight into local fault mechanisms .
SMRU’s research has shown that earthquakes near Malta are no surprise, and the evidence of tectonic activity is visible in the island’s geological formations. For instance, the Sicily Channel, which separates Sicily from Africa, continues to experience seismic activity. Over 170 earthquakes have been recorded within a 100 km radius of Malta in the last decade alone . This ongoing tectonic movement serves as a stark reminder of the need for better preparedness. Seismic monitoring helps provide real-time data that can guide emergency response efforts and improve the effectiveness of civil protection operations .
The need for action: a densely populated Malta at risk
Malta’s dense population and rapid urban development over recent decades increase the potential impact of a significant earthquake. As the country has experienced no known fatalities due to earthquakes, there is a false sense of security. Yet, modern buildings, particularly high-rise ones, have not been rigorously tested against seismic activity. If an earthquake similar to the 1693 event were to hit Malta, the resulting damage could be catastrophic, leading to building collapses, fatalities, and severe injuries. The economic toll would also be immense, particularly given Malta’s current urban infrastructure .
Malta’s vulnerability lies not only in its lack of preparedness but also in its failure to recognise that modern construction practices may not be up to the challenge of a strong earthquake. The lack of building codes and the prevalence of unregulated workers, many of whom are third-country nationals with limited construction training, further exacerbate the risk. A structured national framework for earthquake preparedness, supported by realistic simulations and proper building regulations, is urgently needed to prevent disaster.
By crafting well-structured earthquake scenarios and simulations, Malta can prepare its population, government, and private sector to minimise loss and damage. Such simulations provide valuable tools for emergency planners, enabling them to coordinate more effective civil protection and medical emergency operations. Moreover, strategic planning would allow Malta to limit economic damage, preserve its infrastructure, and, most importantly, save lives. Investing in preparedness is essential as the risk of seismic activity remains present in the region.
Photo by Bonello Bjorn x Reġjun Tramuntana (SYNERGIES project)
Regjun Tramuntana’s commitment to earthquake preparedness
In Regjun Tramuntana, efforts are being made to serve as a model for earthquake preparedness by providing a platform for experts and researchers to study seismic risks. The region recognises the unique challenges presented by its multiethnic population, the lack of awareness, and varying skill levels in disaster response. Therefore, it is collaborating closely with the Civil Protection Department, disciplined forces, voluntary entities, and government organisations to develop effective early warning systems and prepare spontaneous volunteers for emergency situations. These coordinated efforts are aimed at improving existing protocols and ensuring smoother cooperation among all stakeholders. Regjun Tramuntana’s proactive stance ensures that the region is not only aware of the risks but is actively working to mitigate potential disasters, thus setting an example for the rest of the country.
The urgency for earthquake preparedness in Malta
Malta must urgently shift its perception of earthquake risks. The island’s historical and geological realities, coupled with a lack of preparedness, place it at considerable risk. While history shows that earthquakes have occurred near Malta, modern-day construction practices and inadequate regulation heighten the potential danger. Seismic monitoring efforts led by experts like Dr Pauline Galea and SMRU provide a valuable foundation, but Malta must do more to protect its growing population and infrastructure. Introducing national building codes, improving regulation of the construction sector, and developing robust emergency plans are critical steps that cannot be delayed.
